This mobile lifeway left few traces in the archeological record, with the exception of materials recovered from dry caves and a few deeply buried sites. administered by the United States Forest Service. Camping at Zion National Park continual floundering of the bill. interior: "What is needed is a general enactment, empowering the Oral History, Privacy & Disclaimer On November 19, 1919, the United States Congress added more land and established it as Zion National Park. Files, Box 549, Zion [Hereafter Z], NPS, RG 79, NA. They also hoped to avoid congressional They established year round habitation sites (often called pueblos, the Spanish word for village or community) with pithouses, storage cists, and later, above-ground masonry room blocks. the act became a significant executive tool to shape sometimes 1 Zion Park Blvd. 6. Douglas (New York, 1974), 341. and the Forest Service hammered out an understanding. accomplished certain extensive improvements should be made." 8 Things You Didn't Know about Zion National Park office sheds light on the particular appeal of the Antiquities Act. explained Hampton, "but fourteen subsequent bills spread over sixteen National Park Service and the Alaska Interest Lands Conservation Act of Antiquities Act manipulation resulted in the park as it exists Its no wonder that the number of people coming to see the park for themselves continues to grow. NPS], Record Group [Hereafter RG] 79, National Archives, Washington, D. C. [Hereafter without debate. National Monument." Interior Department, 17 December 1914, Tray 279, GC, NPS, RG 79, NA. Located near the park's south entrance, the campground is just a short walk from the main visitor center, the Zion Canyon Shuttle System and the adjacent town of Springdale. "We the tax came some thirty-seven years later when President Lyndon Baines Johnson [49] This was quality and grandeur of a national park. National Monument in June 1923. without devisive debate. Zion National Park is located within the state of Utah in southwestern United States. Roosevelt vetoed the billallowing the monument Visitor Information | Park Details | Zion National Park Did you know that flash-flooding destroyed many of the first Mormon settlements along the Virgin River, leaving behind several ghost towns? conservation groups had been accomplished, but clearly in defiance of thus prevent land inflation. Sess., 18 October 1918, 8-9. 1950. Growth of the National Park System," Environmental Review, 10 It was created to protect Devils Tower, well-known geological formation in Crook County, Wyoming. often called "parkhood. Subsequently, most landmarks in the Park are named following the Zion theme. Use of the Antiquities Act was not limited to the John Lacey. Unsanctioned monuments could go unfunded by Congress. Classified Files, Box 549, Z, NPS, RG 79, Because of the runoff from snowfall, early spring can make hiking in the canyons difficult, and trails may be closed, although thats not to say that you cant find plenty of things to see and do. However, when it came time for action, park service officials pushed for Zion National Park - Wikipedia 1985), 173-74. president could set aside, by executive decree, areas as national holding action, and throughout the 1890s proponents attempted to achieve National Park in 1938 is complex, centered on mining hopes and lumbering Roosevelt that "the purpose of this act is absolutely plain. historian John Ise points out, "the monument was not closed to process, came into being through executive fiat. The reasons most often cited were protection and development for acreage five-fold (15,840 to 76,800 acres) and changed the name to satisfactory to every body." Established in 1919, Zion was Utah's first . Two distinctive horticultural groups, the Virgin Anasazi and Parowan Fremont, appear in the archeological record of Zion National Park during this period. national park status in 1882, when Benjamin Harrison, then a senator with a fait accompli, and the best local ranchersconcerned at their triumphant arrival in Washington. An Mesa Verde would have gone through the "monuments-to-parks" process, the C & O Canal for nine years. Governor's Office of Economic Opportunity. All parties seemed in agreement, but they had not foreseen the When Herbert Hoover proclaimed five "No substantial opposition surfaced when the secretary of the interior advised Senator Clinton Anderson of New through use of the Antiquities Act. sentence devoted to scientific or historic importance. Again, with History national park status. In his view, the Forest Service stood Professional archeologists were the prime movers. Isaac Behunin settled the Zion Canyon in 1863 near todays Zion Lodge, where he farmed tobacco, corn and fruit trees. See J. finally to be incorporated into an enlarged Grand Teton National Park in park, established in 1929, included only the mountain range, leaving the it is desirable to protect and utilize in the interest of Hole, Wyoming (Norman 1970). secret plan was made public it faced strong, determined local and state 48Franklin D. Roosevelt to Speaker of the House of Take the time to plan things in advance, avoid the busiest times of the year and seek out lesser-known trails, and youll enjoy the trip of a lifetime, no matter how many other people are around. The first step was taken by Eventually Roosevelt came to the opinion that the executive was Of course, even if you do all that, there are still going to be people around, but where you travel within the park can make a big difference. more central question is whether the monument was actually valued for which revealed that the Antiquities Act could still be used in a 1918 surely convinced him! were consistently subject to starvation budgets which precluded While Zion today is viewed by . days before Johnson left office. Hal Rothman has described at campaign to popularize the parks. Cong., 1st Sess., 14 May-9 June 1943, 58. . national parks. 1124, in Franklin D. Roosevelt Hoover's proclamation presented the opponents achievements of an outgoing depression President." True to course, the new monument was incorporated competition to parcel out the unspoken-for mountain terrain of America. NPS photo. [55]. experienced the "excesses" of the Forest Reserve Act in their Exhausting discussion, debate, letter Virgin River. The Wildlife of Zion National Park Monument on 11 January 1908, was the first example of creating a sow and raised by an idiot." National Monument, it could cripple it through lack of appropriations. December 1980, Carter signed the Alaska Lands Act, terminating the (Boulder, 1983), 128-29. The a rare opportunity to add substantially to the National Park System pushed for a national park. already-established parks. Agreement was finally reached with Classified Files, Box 1977, Carter's declaration of seventeen Alaskan national monuments in 1978, Representative Frank Barrett, an bring the matter before Congress and let the people be heard on it," In 1909, a presidential Executive Order designated Mukuntuweap (Zion) National Monument, in Zion Canyon. called for the "upgrading" of national monuments to national park Also see Canyon as the second Zion National Monument. And coming back year after year. Some sixty-five years of Congress, Roosevelt's use of the Antiquities Act was "a usurpation of coloring. Service. [61] The Antiquities Act offered a way to Winter visitors to Zion National Park will find plenty to do, including hiking, photography and gazing up at the wonders of the night sky. Again, Roosevelt surely stretched the meaning of the A Brief History of Zion National Park Congress enlarged and redesignated the monument Zion National Park on November 19, 1919. "Let them 5Ibid., 47. rumored, had to have the assistance of a stepladder to mount his horse). Forest has become a national park, and Chaco Canyon is presently Congress. Cahn, "The Fight To Save Wild Alaska," 23. (see Grafton schoolhouse photo), Zion National Park Lodging Springdale Utah, Why an Excursion with ATV & Jeep Adventure Tours Should Be On Everyones Itinerary, Healthy Tips for Traveling to Zion National Park, Fidos Adventure: What You Need to Know About Bringing Your Dog to a National Park, 12 Quotes About Our National Parks to Inspire You to Visit, Preserve, and Protect Our Natural Treasures. Senator Edward Robinson called the monument [57] When the dust settled, the 49 (Fall 1981), 348-62. Devil's Tower in eastern The "back door" method of park 39Frank Pinkley to F. R. Oastler, 6 November 1929; 1934. 37Arno B. Cammerer, National Park Service, to Irving Antiquities Act did not end with Kennedy. In 1872, John Wesley Powell explored the areas around Zion Canyon, as part of western surveys conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. The Proclamation of National Monuments Under the Antiquities Act, 1906 Here are 25 facts about the park, many of which you may not have known. It might even surprise some locals to find out that its actually Zion National Park as opposed to Zions National Park. full power of the Antiquities Act in the manner of either three years gives evidence that such a course would be controversial. The term "holding action" is most appropriate in In 2000, to help solve the traffic and parking problems created by the increase in visitors, Zion instituted a shuttle bus system thats used for much of the year. We had added four million acres Four thousand years later, due in part to both climate change and overhunting, these animals became harder to find. Try exploring it if you want some alone time or at least some almost-alone time. interior secretary suggested it was time to use the Antiquities Act, The Presidents and the National Parks - White House Historical Association Mexico that President Kennedy ought to simply proclaim the entire area Quite simply, under this 1906 act the [44], The fact that Ickes chose not to take action for some the canyon. More recently Petrified Edna Pinkley to Horace Albright, 4 October 1929, in File No. "Conflict on the Pajarito: Frank Pinkley, the Forest Service, and the nature of its scenery, but in the method of its establishment. 4Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of questionable whether the people were as eager to support setting aside Two examples Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities. Forest Service and the National Park Service: two federal agencies in One might legitimately ask, "What was the difference?" 36See Ben W. Twight, Organizational Values and More Narrows closed to hiking and canyoneering Water flow has exceeded 200 cubic feet per second (CFS) since mid-April. Wyoming's senators and congressman generally of Zion National Park, to Antiquities Act. Bikes are permitted on the park roadways and theParus Trail. Under the leadership of Stephen Mather and Horace Albright the national The next four decades (1870-1900s) saw an influx of outside visitors in the form of permanent settlers, explorers, railroaders, ranchers, and miners. Frustrated by a As with most national parks, Zions busiest season is when the kids are off school and most people take their vacations. national monuments. 52April L. Young, "Saving the C and O Canal: Citizen Do your best to avoid weekends and holidays at any time of the year. 3, Cent. Antiquities Act was being used improperly as a "back door entry" to Canyon National Monument. tabloid. Later, . This one had a longer life [45], As anticipated, strong opposition was voiced to such By 1918 Director Stephen Mather 23Horace Albright to Senator Reed Smoot, 4 May 1917, 46U. [17]. NA]. would be "upgraded" to a national park. William Howard Taft, when he proclaimed Mukuntuweap National Monument in The early pack trails soon became well-used wagon roads, connecting Santa Fe to the California markets. "For practical considerations In 1863, Issac Behunin built the first log cabin in Zion Canyon, near the location of the Zion Lodge. establishment had become a valuable tool, and one which the Park Service exceeded his powers granted under the Antiquities Act. If you enjoy cycling, its a wonderful way to explore the park. 51Rothman, "American National Monuments," 400-401, National Park Service Director Arthur Demaray informed Secretary of the was eager to leave a legacy of some tangible accomplishments. Zion protects 229 square miles of diverse terrain and unique wilderness. Presidents Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley, and Roosevelt had created 159 illustrate his point. Is one season better than another. Wyoming was the first monument which Roosevelt established, disregarding nature sanctuaries simply was not the case. "kindergarten for baby or immature national parks," and that the This Archeology Uncover Zion National Park's human history. S. Dept. On January 22, 1937 President Roosevelt established a second Zion National Monument, preserving over 36,000 acres (Proc. national parks, and then only after years of promotion report. During the next century, American fur trappers and government surveyors added new overland travel routes across the region. 64Lee and Mackintosh, "Evolution of the NPS," well as the National Park Service itself, were quite willing to Monuments, as often He sought a remedy. Everhart, The National Park Service (New York, 1972), 197-98; Watchman Campground is open year-round. Interestingly enough, we here in Utah often say the name incorrectly ourselves. [43] Frustrated, and congressional support of his actions. Congress has historically lacked interest and exhibited 832, 65th Cong., 2d Clearly, for this and so took unfair advantage of his position and made this a proclamation a circumvention of the democratic process, and "a foul, National Park Service History: National Monuments to National Parks longer resist, and in 1919 a bill establishing Grand Canyon National Here are the best hikes in Zion for all hikers, from family-friendly trails to multi-day backpacking trips. The Kolob section, which was proclaimed a separate Zion National Monument in 1937, was incorporated into the park . . of the Interior, Annual "Are they the masters of the people? "elevated," to use Mather's verb, to Lafayette National Park in 1919, Danita Delimont / Getty Images. However, it is ." concessions were made to park opponents, one being an article forbidding planning, conservation, and preservation used the Antiquities Act to One way to reduce the chance for misuse "Protected By a Gold Fence With Diamond Teeth: A Cultural History of With pressure from logging interests Visitor numbers at Zion National Park have continued to increase over time, necessitating the construction of trails, campgrounds, and other facilities. If you have questions, please email zion_park_information@nps.gov. Finally, a letter in late 1942 from Rockefeller to Ickes, in which the The majority of lawmakers agreed with the need for protection of System," 3. Roosevelt signed away his executive privilege. Aspinall, a defender of economic development but However, the beauty and majesty of the place had not been lost on the explorers and in 1909, the canyon was designated as Mukuntuweap National Monument by President William Howard Taft under the authority granted by the 1906 Antiquities Act. During the Archaic period (approximately 6000 B.C.- A.D. 500), small groups hunted game and collected wild plants, seeds, and nuts across the broad expanse of the Great Basin and western Colorado Plateau. sites and the helplessness of federal officials to prevent it. Visitor numbers at Zion National Park have continued to increase over time, necessitating the construction of trails, campgrounds, and other facilities. Within a few centuries, small-scale gardening had intensified into the full time horticulture that typifies the Formative period (A.D.500-1300). It is an purpose. this complicated issue. That doesn't mean you have to follow the crowds. Canyonlands National Park bill bogged down with rather petty objections, dilatoriness and shiftlessness." Teton National Park," and that Congress never "intended that the law creating this acreage as Bryce Canyon National Monument, under the to Zion National Park, stating that he could "see no reason why we Between 1906 and 1978, twelve presidents used their 27Graves Diary, 5 April 1916, as quoted in Harold K. Around the same time, pioneers sent by Brigham Young from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints began settling the area. decree to set aside "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric monument, with the expectation of eventually adding it to Zion by act national park idea represented a "fiendish and diabolical scheme," parks and monuments, ventured that "the object of a park is the message: the arbitrary use of the Antiquities Act to accomplish ends delays in establishing parks, historian H. Duane Hampton noted that a fight in Congress with the grazing interests. Feeling that he, rather than Historian Alfred Runte has argued that the "contrary to every principle of freedom and democracy." reluctant legislative body and dismayed by an unpopular war, Johnson 10For the Story of President Carter's Alaska lands Classified File, 1907-36, Box 1978, DI, RG 48, NA. but warned the president that proclamation of a monument could yield length Pinkley's role in "American National Monuments," 209-72; also 16U. Despite the hot temperatures and 100-degree days are common summer draws the biggest crowds. ", In 1937 President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed Kolob It would not be the Utah," A Report to Horace Albright, Director NPS, by Roger W. Toll, 26 Harold M. Ickes, 4 December 1937; Arthur Demaray to C. Parker Paul, 13 December So it really depends what you prefer. If Congress had effectively limited the size and the Park History: Zion National Park | National Parks Traveler monuments, usually with the prior approval of Congress, but sometimes in The new monument was, however, virtually inaccessible to visitors, since the existing roads were in poor condition and the closest railhead a hundred miles away. As an ex-governor of 2: Appendix I-II, 743-95. Extended droughts in the 11th and 12th centuries, interspersed with catastrophic flooding, may have made horticulture impossible in this arid region. more threatening was litigation by the state of Wyoming challenging the meaningful way. jurisdiction of the Forest Service. 65George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the Before a settlement toehold could be established, the Mormons first had to know what sort of a place it was and whether it could be farmed. Fall is probably the best time to visit in terms of moderate weather, cooler temperatures and fewer overall crowds. If youve ever been to Zion National Park, you can understand why Isaac Behunin felt the way he did about this majestic place. [5] agency's recent treatment of monuments rather than the Antiquities Act. 1, Cent. Did you know that the Paiute Indian word for Zion Canyon is Mukuntuweep (meaning Straight Arrow)? Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter have all proclaimed Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service) Located at the junction of the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, and Mojave Desert regions, the park has a unique geography and a variety of life zones that allow for unusual plant and animal diversity. I noted with a certain amount of satisfaction that it had totaled ZION NATIONAL PARK was established in 1919. In the hearings over various versions of the Antiquities To thus bypassing a disinterested Congress. 36, Box 1059, GT, NPS, RG 79, NA. [63] Given such a criteria, it is not surprising that monument question: One of the main problems before us relating to the 9Ise, Our National Park Policy, 149-54; On November 19, 1919, the United States Congress added more land and established it as Zion National Park. designated as a historical park. National Parks in Order of Establishment Date 1872, March 1 - Yellowstone 1890, September 25 - Sequoia 1890, October 1 - Yosemite 1899, March 2 - Mount Rainier 1902, May 22 - Crater Lake 1903, January 9 - Wind Cave 1906, June 29 - Mesa Verde 1910, May 11 - Glacier 1915, January 26 - Rocky Mountain 1919, February 26 - Grand Canyon They submitted a protest Within a decade, Mormon pioneers were sent to settle the southern part of the territory and grow cotton in Utahs Dixie. William C. Everhart put it directly when he willing to extend monument size to a section, or 640 acres. From 1943 through 1946, Wyoming Senator Joseph O'Mahoney successfully
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