Further, these assessments could elucidate how youth may be influencing each other either to reject or ostracize youth with diverse gender identities; or better yet, how prosocial, open-minded, high status peers might be able to influence others to be supportive and accepting of peers with diverse gender identities. Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature, International Journal of Behavioral Development, Hey researchers, listen up! Early gender-focused research utilized a developmental stage approach, whereby developmental milestones of gender identity (recognizing whether one is male or female), stability (understanding that gender is fixed and will not change with age), and constancy (understanding that cosmetic and appearance-related changes will not alter sex) are achieved sequentially (Kohlberg, 1966). Perspectives from transgender and gender diverse people on how to ask about gender. Schrager SM, Steiner RJ, Bouris AM, Macapagal K, & Brown CH (2019). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. 3. Sausa LA, Sevelius J, Keatley J, Iiguez JR, & Reyes M (2009). The general principle seems to be that early exposure to higher levels of androgens (male hormones, notably testosterone), during the critical period, lead to development of male sexual characteristics. Peer influence on gender identity development in adolescence. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Future research should examine the validity and reliability of assessing perceived non-binary expression as well. (2005) . Research into normative and gender variant identity . Participants in a qualitative study, focused on gathering directly from transgender individuals how they would prefer to be asked about gender, noted that being prompted to think and respond about their sex assigned at birth could trigger gender dysphoria and be painful (Puckett et al., 2020). This pictorial example could then be coded to reflect strength of identification with each quadrant of the diagram, similar to a spectrum-based identity. In Damon W & Lerner RM (Series Eds.) Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among US LGBT and non-LGBT youth, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/02/526067768/a-new-generation-overthrows-gender, https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/Evaluations_of_SOGI_Questions_20160923_508.pdf, https://www.genderspectrum.org/quick-links/understanding-gender/, https://psmag.com/ideas/gen-z-the-future-is-non-binary, https://twitter.com/AlexPetrovnia/status/1417550024360304649, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a20888315/genders-identity-list-definitions/, Adjustment & Social Aggression (penultimate longitudinal wave), Adjustment & Social Aggression (final longitudinal wave), Non-binary, Genderfluid, Agender, Trans(Gender) Male, Victimization & Adjustment (Midwestern University Location), Victimization & Adjustment (Southwestern University Location), defined: genderfluid, female/masculine, agender. Researchers will need to begin critically examining how gender identity is not only situated within young peoples psychosocial contexts, but also how it is understood as part of a network of interrelated identities and the respective social contexts. Michaels S, Milesi C, Stern M, Viox MH, Morrison H, Guerino P, & Haffer SC (2017). Much of the best practice recommendations for measuring gender identity suggests a two-step process, wherein the participant is asked to first disclose their natal sex and then their gender identity (Deutsch et al., 2013; GenIUSS Group, 2014; Lombardi & Banik, 2016; Sausa et al., 2009; Rubin et al., 2020; Temkin et al., 2017). Several recommendations for gender identity measurement have been proposed by research entities interested in gender diversity and inclusion broadly. All rights reserved. Physiological, emotional, and behavioral correlates of gender segregation. For instance, Zoey Luna, a 17-year-old, shared her fight for restroom equity in California; Corey Maison, an 18-year-old, was featured in Katie Courics Gender Revolution and continues to share her journey as transgender on Instagram. For example, what role do peer group norms or feminist identity play? An official website of the United States government. Transition Regret and Detransition: Meanings and Uncertainties. Disclaimer. (2016). These identities are numerous, overlapping, and flexible, which can be difficult to identify and quantify in systematic research. Peer Influence on Gender Identity Development in Adolescence Olga Kornienko, Carlos E. Santos, Carol Lynn Martin, and Kristen L. Granger Developmental Psychology , Vol. ), Childhood Gender Segregation: Causes and Consequences, New Directions in Child Development, Fagot BI (1994). 2022 Nov 14;19(22):14971. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214971. Include a write-in field if including an other or different identity option for gender identity. Media and the Development of Gender Role Stereotypes May 11, 2022 Dear Your Teen, I'm worried about the influence that peers and friends who are questioning gender identity or who have identified as LGBTQ+ will have on our 14-year-old 8th grade daughter. These models rely much less strongly on psychosocial differences among individuals with distinct gender identities to define the gender identities themselves, instead relying on the ways that gender diverse individuals explore, affirm, and make meaning of their own gendered experiences. For example, perhaps the terms that young people use to refer to diverse gender identities or expressions may be different depending on their ethno-racial identity or culture of origin (Federal Interagency Working Group, 2016). Kuper LE, Wright L, & Mustanski B (2018). Even though young people are publicly expressing gender diverse ideas and identities, most peer relations and developmental research practice has yet to catch up. Those investigators with more progressive IRBs who are able to implement these practices could build in additional items to assess whether asking questions to assess a broader range of gender identities cause any confusion or distress (for example, How much did it bother you that you were asked about both whether you identify with the transgender experience and how you describe your gender? or How much did it bother you to see definitions of different types of gender identities?, thus generating a literature that could be referenced showing that young people may not be perturbed by these questions. Unfortunately, many youth experience homophobic name calling, a form of peer victimization, and it is unknown whether youth internalize these peer messages and how these messages might influence gender identity. Others have acknowledged the changing landscape of gender identity development in youth, noting that binary gender intensification (e.g., increased pressure to conform to gender roles; Hill & Lynch, 1983) may no longer become prominent in adolescence and the patterns of gender differentiation and socialization in present-day adolescence appear to be changing (Priess et al., 2009). For example, before collecting demographic data from middle school students for a sociometric study, it may be wise to connect with the teachers, guidance counsellors, and students themselves to identify ways that these youth are describing their gender-related experiences. Beginning early in life, a child's peer group is generally same-gender, and play with same-gender peers tends to be gender-typed in nature (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974; Martin et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2012). Martin CL, Fabes RA, Hanish L, Leonard S, & Dinella LM (2011). Even modern peer relations research on gender identity and gender typicality treats gender as an identity that is achieved within the male-female binary and barely mentions the possibility that a young person may identify as a different gender than the traditional two categories. Social Sciences. The terminology of identities between, outside and beyond the gender binaryA systematic review, Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Perhaps it is more important to know how participants express and present their gender outwardly (gender expression), or perhaps it is important to know the intersection of these facets. Gender Typicality, Felt Pressure for Gender Conformity, Racial Responses can then be combined and coded such that sex assigned at birth is compared with current gender identity to determine whether the participant is reporting a transgender or non-binary experience. Connecting developmental constructions to the Internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Theoretically, the presence and popularity of gender vanguards and gender troublemakers should both be a threat to and fundamentally change the ways that gender roles are understood, socialized, and accepted (Rudman & Glick, 2008; Morgenroth & Ryan, 2020). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Peer influence on gender identity development in - ProQuest Peer relations researchers need to join with young people in transcending the gender binary. Last but not least, if peer relations researchers could move beyond the binary in assessing gender identity, we might be able to see with new eyes how youth with diverse gender identities engage with and experience digital communication and social media. Relatedly, much of what we know about the development of gender identity revolves around gender schemas and stereotypes. As gender-diverse youth are often included in a broad LGBT sample, it is likely that these individuals are also benefitting from the support of a queer-affirming organization in their educational community. Likewise, in April 2019, Pacific Standard published a story exploring teens understanding of non-binary gender identity and how the prevalence of this queerness seems to have surpassed even binary understandings of sexual orientation (Hammack, 2019). Consult with community stakeholders and LGBTQ+ informants on ways to categorize open-ended responses that limits the influence of researchers potential biases. Peers play an important role in the socialization of gendered behavior, but no studies to-date have assessed peer influences on GI. Similarly, the Perth Gender Picture (PGP) was developed specifically for adolescents to report their gender identity and experience (Moore et al., 2020). Crenshaw KW (1994). Early Adolescent Gender Development: The Differential Effects - PubMed About a third (35%) say the speed is about right. Following these best practices for assessing gender identity has the potential to open our eyes as peer relations researchers to help us understand how youth may be embracing diverse gender identities. Most empirical research examining youth's gender development measures felt pressure to conform to gender norms using a composite value of felt pressure from multiple sources; however, because of the different socialization processes at work from parents, peers, and the self, analyzing these sources separately may elucidate different effects on gender development. Epub 2022 Jun 2. There are countless young individuals that are shedding light on the ways that gender diversity can be expressed via online platforms. (2020). We have no known conflict of interest to disclose. There are many influential others on platforms like Instagram. Gender can be understood as multidimensional and multifaceted (Perry et al., 2019; Ruble et al., 2007; Tate et al., 2014). It is also critical to have sufficient theoretical understanding of which facets should be implicated in certain processes. Adolescent gender-role identity and mental health: Gender intensification revisited. Beyond their presence in traditional news sources, young people are engaging with gender equity activism in substantive and visible ways as well. Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature Explore gender as a moderator of developmental and peer-related processes. These gender-expansive models allow for the multidimensional understanding of gender as it relates to sex and other identities, without a strong reliance on the male/masculine versus female/feminine binary. Priess HA, Lindberg SM, & Hyde JS (2009). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The site is secure. We present case examples from several of our studies of peer interactions in digital communication that illustrate how assessing gender identity may change over time, in peer relations studies where gender identity is not the focus. Peer influence can be harnessed to promote acceptance of diverse gender identities. Methodological considerations for advancing research on the health and wellbeing of sexual and gender minority youth, Serbin LA, Moller LC, Gulko J, Powlishta KK, & Colbourne KA (1994). The scales have also demonstrated reliability and validity in transgender, non-binary/genderqueer, and even cisgender individuals with marginalized sexual orientations (McGuire et al., 2020). Conventional and metaphorical elements of gender schemas often go together; however, the metaphorical associations to the gender schemes are so powerful that they may override conventional associations, especially for young children (Leinbach et al., 1997). In this model, personal processes such as gender dysphoria interact with responses or feedback from families and peers that guides further gender exploration (Pullen Sansfaon et al., 2020). Puckett JA, Brown NC, Dunn T, Mustanski B, & Newcomb ME (2020). Accurately measuring gender will allow for researchers to elucidate the processes by which peer acceptance positively contributes to psychosocial wellbeing for gender diverse youth. J Appl Dev Psychol. Folkierska-ukowska M, Rahman Q, Dragan W. 2018 Mar;47(3):636-649. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0749-6. These models suggest that instead of developmental stages, diverse gender identities develop fluidly and flexibly, involving a transactional process between interpersonal (social) and intrapersonal influences that can change and evolve over time (Ehrensaft, 2017; Fiani & Han, 2019; Hyde et al., 2019; Katz-Wise et al., 2017; Kuper et al., 2018; Morgenroth & Ryan, 2020; Pullen Sansfaon et al., 2020). Pullen Sansfaon A, Medico D, Suerich-Gulick F, & Temple Newhook J (2020). If you knew that, we believed, you had a good start on knowing what to expect emotionally, socially, intellectually, sexually. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Counting transgender and gender-nonconforming adults in health research: recommendations from the Gender Identity in US Surveillance Group. Horm Behav. Using specific identity labels and terms, though sometimes ambiguous, can be particularly affirming and inclusive for participants, and can further allow scholars to explore and understand the nuances of each identity label. Peer relations researchers have created a rich body or theory and research on how young people influence one another (Brechwald & Prinstein, 2011). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives, Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Gender integration and the promotion of inclusive classroom climates, Fabes RA (1994). Young people are challenging traditional binary conceptions of gender identity, Conceptualization and measurement in peer relations should reflect youths gender flexibility, Gender is best measured using multifaceted, intersectionally-informed items, Peer influence can be harnessed to promote acceptance of diverse gender identities, Parents and teachers can also support positive peer gender socialization, gender identity, gender diversity, peer relations, measurement, children, adolescents. Unfortunately, many youth experience homophobic name calling, a form of peer victimization, and it is unknown whether youth internalize these peer messages and how these messages might influence gender identity. Peers play an important role in the socialization of gendered behavior, but no studies to-date have assessed peer influences on GI. Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 1A theoretical framework and application to dyadic peer relationships, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs Before The .gov means its official. Peer influence on gender identity development in adolescence Completely removed from labels or categories, these methods could allow researchers to present the diversity and range of gender identities across the three spectra, and use the sums or statistical interactions of the spectra scores to represent continuous, spectrum-based gender identity as opposed to potentially arbitrary, overly generalized group labels. Imagine if we could use what we know about childrens peer processes to help peer groups support youth with diverse gender identities. It could also be helpful to give participants autonomy in their gender self-categorization and phrase gender identity questions transparently with respect to the research question or process. Epub 2019 Sep 13. Imagine if we could study and understand what youth may already be doing to support peers with diverse gender identities. and transmitted securely. Employing longitudinal social network analyses provides insights into and clarity about the roles of peers in gender development. Speculations about social and affective development: Friendship and acquaintanceship through adolescence.
What Is Criminal Speeding In Texas,
Nau Football Broadcast,
St Sylvester Staten Island,
Town Of Christiansburg Water Bill,
Best 6th Grade Basketball Players 2029,
Articles P